Aharonov-Bohm 1959 (Phys. Rev. 115:485) — a charged particle encircling a region of magnetic flux Φ acquires a gauge-invariant phase φ = (e/ℏ)·∮A·dℓ = 2π·Φ/Φ_0 with flux quantum Φ_0 = h/e, even if the magnetic field vanishes everywhere…
Aharonov-Bohm 1959 (Phys. Rev. 115:485) — a charged particle encircling a region of magnetic flux Φ acquires a gauge-invariant phase φ = (e/ℏ)·∮A·dℓ = 2π·Φ/Φ_0 with flux quantum Φ_0 = h/e, even if the magnetic field vanishes everywhere…