Rotary nano-motor coupling proton flow down the electrochemical gradient to ATP synthesis. F0 (membrane c-ring) rotates; F1 (α3β3) catalyses ADP + Pi → ATP via binding-change mechanism (Boyer).
Rotary nano-motor coupling proton flow down the electrochemical gradient to ATP synthesis. F0 (membrane c-ring) rotates; F1 (α3β3) catalyses ADP + Pi → ATP via binding-change mechanism (Boyer).