Glycolytic ATP-yield stoichiometry framework

Layer 3 — Biologyin the Glycolysis And Gluconeogenesis subtree

Net glycolytic stoichiometry: glucose + 2 NAD⁺ + 2 ADP + 2 Pᵢ → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H₂O. Investment phase consumes 2 ATP (hexokinase, PFK-1); payoff phase yields 4 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation by phosphoglycerate…

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