Birkhoff pointwise ergodic theorem

Layer 0 — Mathematicsin the ergodic-theory subtree

For T measure-preserving and f ∈ L¹(μ), the time average (1/n) Σ₀ⁿ⁻¹ f∘T^k converges a.e. to a T-invariant function ƒ*. If T is ergodic, ƒ* = ∫f dμ (time average = space average).

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