Buckingham 1914 π-theorem: n−r independent dimensionless groups

Buckingham 1914 (Phys. Rev. 4:345) synthesis and generalisation of Rayleigh's 1877 earlier work: any physical equation F(q_1,…,q_n) = 0 relating n dimensioned quantities, with dimension matrix of rank r (r ≤ k, where k = number of…