Butler-Volmer: i = i₀ [exp(αFη/RT) − exp(−(1−α)Fη/RT)] (symmetric α=1/2 ⇒ 2 i₀ sinh)

Framework for voltammetric electrode-kinetics analysis: the Butler-Volmer equation captures the overpotential (η = E − E_eq) dependence of heterogeneous electron-transfer current at an electrode/electrolyte interface. The two exponential…