Cofactors (NAD+, FAD, CoA, heme)

Layer 2 — Chemistryin the biochemistry-bridge subtree

Non-protein chemical groups assisting enzyme catalysis. NAD+/NADH hydride transfer; FAD/FADH2 2e⁻/2H+; CoA thiol ester carriers; heme Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox + O₂ binding.

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