Hardy-Weinberg: p² + 2pq + q² = (p+q)² = 1; F2 3:1 and 9:3:3:1

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Hardy 1908 / Weinberg 1908): for a single-locus diploid trait in a large randomly-mating population under no selection, mutation, migration, or drift, allele frequencies p and q = 1−p give genotype frequencies…