Cremer 1906 / Sørensen 1909: glass-membrane pH electrode; modern ISEs use ionophore-doped membranes for K+/Na+/Ca²+/F- selectivity. Nikolsky-Eisenman equation: E = E° + (RT/zF) ln(a_i + Σ K_ij^pot a_j^{z_i/z_j}). Foundation of clinical…
Cremer 1906 / Sørensen 1909: glass-membrane pH electrode; modern ISEs use ionophore-doped membranes for K+/Na+/Ca²+/F- selectivity. Nikolsky-Eisenman equation: E = E° + (RT/zF) ln(a_i + Σ K_ij^pot a_j^{z_i/z_j}). Foundation of clinical…