Phytoplankton → zooplankton → planktivorous fish → piscivorous fish → apex predators (shark, tuna, marine mammals). Trophic transfer efficiency ~10%; microbial loop recycles DOC through bacteria–protists back to the classical web.
Phytoplankton → zooplankton → planktivorous fish → piscivorous fish → apex predators (shark, tuna, marine mammals). Trophic transfer efficiency ~10%; microbial loop recycles DOC through bacteria–protists back to the classical web.