Mechanics of fluid bilayer membranes. Helfrich free energy F = ∫ [½κ(2H − c₀)² + κ̄ K] dA drives shape — bending modulus κ ≈ 10–20 k_BT for cell membranes, spontaneous curvature c₀ from leaflet asymmetry. Predicts vesiculation, tubulation,…
Mechanics of fluid bilayer membranes. Helfrich free energy F = ∫ [½κ(2H − c₀)² + κ̄ K] dA drives shape — bending modulus κ ≈ 10–20 k_BT for cell membranes, spontaneous curvature c₀ from leaflet asymmetry. Predicts vesiculation, tubulation,…