P/O ratio: ATP synthesised per oxygen-atom consumed by mitochondrial electron-transport chain. Modern measurements: P/O = 2.5 for NADH-linked substrates (complex I + III + IV → 10 H⁺ pumped; 4 H⁺/ATP via ATP-synthase + ANT/Pi carriers);…
P/O ratio: ATP synthesised per oxygen-atom consumed by mitochondrial electron-transport chain. Modern measurements: P/O = 2.5 for NADH-linked substrates (complex I + III + IV → 10 H⁺ pumped; 4 H⁺/ATP via ATP-synthase + ANT/Pi carriers);…