Phase problem (direct methods)

Layer 2 — Chemistryin the crystallography subtree

Hauptman-Karle 1953-1985 (Nobel 1985) direct methods: Sayre's equation + tangent formula + Karle-Hauptman determinants exploit positivity + atomicity to determine structure factor phases ab initio.

Related concepts

Complex numbers (ℂ)
Fourier transform

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