Ribosomal translation-fidelity framework

Layer 3 — Biologyin the Translation subtree

Ribosomes incorporate amino acids with error rate ~10⁻³ to 10⁻⁴ per codon via two-step kinetic proofreading (Hopfield 1974; Ninio 1975): initial discrimination on aa-tRNA codon-anticodon pairing + GTP-hydrolysis-gated second discrimination…

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