Toll-like receptors (Beutler-Hoffmann)

Layer 3 — Biologyin the Immunology subtree

Hoffmann 1996 Drosophila-Toll; Beutler 1998 LPS/TLR4; Akira-Medzhitov: 10 human TLRs recognize PAMPs; Nobel 2011; bridge between innate + adaptive immunity.