Ion / supercritical-fluid chromatography; capillary electrophoresis; SMB simulated moving bed; membrane RO; electrodialysis; pervaporation; azeotrope-pinch distillation; population-balance crystallization; LDF adsorption; lyophilization;…
Separation Science
Ion chromatography (IC)
Small 1975 IC: anion or cation exchange resin column with suppressed conductivity detection; standard for inorganic anions (F, Cl, Br, NO3,…
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)
scCO2 + co-solvent mobile phase combines GC speed with LC range; ideal for chiral separations and natural-product purification; reduces…
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)
Jorgenson-Lukacs 1981: silica capillary 25-100 micron with high-voltage; analyte mobility = (q / 6 pi eta r) under E-field; nano-L sample,…
Simulated moving bed (SMB)
Broughton-Gerhold 1961 UOP Sorbex: continuous chromatographic separation by switching inlet / outlet ports; commercial pharmaceutical…
Membrane reverse osmosis
Loeb-Sourirajan 1962 asymmetric cellulose-acetate membrane; pressure above osmotic gradient drives water through, salt rejected;…
Electrodialysis (EDR / EDI)
Alternating cation- and anion-exchange membranes under DC field; Donnan exclusion concentrates and dilutes alternate cells; brackish-water…
Pervaporation membrane
Liquid feed contacts non-porous membrane, vapor permeate; breaks azeotropes (water-ethanol, IPA dehydration); PERVAP commercial membranes…
Distillation (azeotrope and pinch analysis)
Maximum / minimum boiling azeotropes (water-ethanol 95.6 percent at 78.15 C); pressure-swing or extractive distillation breaks azeotrope;…
Crystallization (population balance)
Hulburt-Katz 1964 population balance equation: tracks crystal-size distribution f(L,t); nucleation + growth + agglomeration kernels; basis…
Adsorption (linear driving force)
Glueckauf 1955 LDF approximation: dq/dt = k(q* - q); replaces full intra-particle diffusion PDE; standard for PSA pressure-swing-adsorption…
Freeze-drying (lyophilization)
Sublimation under high vacuum below triple-point; primary + secondary drying; used for vaccine / biologics / coffee preservation;…
Centrifugal separation
Stokes settling-velocity v = 2 g (rho_p - rho_f) r^2 / 9 eta scaled by RCF = (omega^2 r) / g; preparative ultracentrifuge to 10^6 g;…
Liquid chromatography (Tswett 1903)
Mikhail Tswett 1903 chromatography of plant-pigments on CaCO3 column; basis of LC + HPLC + UPLC modern separations; Nobel-foundational…
Gas chromatography (James-Martin 1952)
James-Martin 1952 + Golay 1957 capillary-GC; van Deemter equation H = A + B/u + Cu; basis of modern GC + GCxGC + GC-MS analytical workflows.
Electrophoresis (Tiselius 1937)
Arne Tiselius 1937 (Nobel 1948) moving-boundary electrophoresis; modern SDS-PAGE + capillary-electrophoresis + 2D-gel; protein + DNA…
Mass spectrometry (Thomson 1912)
J J Thomson 1912 parabola spectrograph for isotopes; Aston 1922 Nobel; modern Orbitrap (Makarov 2000) + TOF + Q-TOF + MALDI; ppm-level…
Supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction
Hannay-Hogarth 1879 SCF discovery; modern CO2-SFE > 31 C, > 73 bar; tunable-density solvent; pharmaceutical + decaffeination +…
Solid-phase extraction (SPE)
Wells-Allerheiligen 1970s SPE: bonded-silica/polymer cartridges; condition-load-wash-elute workflow; standard sample prep for…
Tswett (1903)
M Tswett 1903 chromatography-CaCO3; modern modern foundational text + HPLC + UPLC + 2024 supercritical-fluid + 2D-LC proteomics.
James-Martin GC (1952)
A James-A Martin 1952 (Martin Nobel 1952) gas-chromatography; modern modern foundational text + GC×GC + TOF-MS + 2024 portable GC-MS.
van Deemter (1956)
J van Deemter 1956 H = A + B/u + Cu plate-height; modern modern foundational text + Knox + Giddings 1969 + 2024 sub-2-μm sub-1-μm UPLC.
Electrophoresis (Tiselius 1937)
A Tiselius 1937 (Nobel 1948) moving-boundary; modern modern foundational text + SDS-PAGE Laemmli 1970 + 2024 capillary-electrophoresis…
McCabe-Thiele (1925)
W McCabe-E Thiele 1925 distillation-graphical; modern modern foundational text + Ponchon-Savarit + 2024 process-simulation Aspen-HYSYS…
SFE (Stahl 1980)
E Stahl 1980 + Brunner 1994 SFE-CO2; modern modern foundational text + 2024 green-chemistry decaffeination + commercial SFC chromatography.