Instrumentation physics of particle and radiation detectors. Principles: ionisation (Bethe-Bloch), Cherenkov radiation threshold β>1/n, transition radiation X→Y at media interfaces, scintillation light yield in organic (stilbene,…
detector-physics
Calorimeter energy resolution: σ(E)/E = a/√E ⊕ b/E ⊕ c (stochastic ⊕ noise ⊕ constant)
Universal three-term parametrisation of calorimeter energy resolution: stochastic term a/√E (Poisson fluctuations in cascade sampling; for…
Cherenkov radiation: threshold β > 1/n, opening angle cos θ_C = 1/(β·n)
Cherenkov's 1934 radiation: a charged particle traversing a transparent dielectric medium with phase velocity c/n emits a coherent…
Time-of-flight particle ID: Δt = (L/c)·(√(1+m₁²/p²) − √(1+m₂²/p²)) ≈ L m₁²/(2p²c) for m≪p
Time-of-flight particle identification: two species of mass m₁, m₂ at common momentum p traverse a baseline L with flight-time difference…
Silicon microstrip spatial resolution: σ = p/√12 (binary), p/(S/N) charge-division
Silicon microstrip detectors resolve charged-particle track positions by collecting 80 e-h pairs/μm from ionisation in the depleted…
Scintillator light yield: ~40 γ/keV NaI(Tl), ~10 γ/keV BGO, ~9 γ/keV plastic
Organic (plastic BC-408, stilbene, anthracene) and inorganic crystalline (NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), BGO, LYSO, LaBr₃(Ce)) scintillators convert a…
Transition radiation (Ginzburg-Frank): ⟨E⟩ ∝ γ · ω_p·(Z_p·ω)/(3c); Lorentz-factor ID
When a charged particle crosses a boundary between media of different dielectric constant, transition radiation is emitted (Ginzburg-Frank…