Glycobiology — NIH NIGMS / NHGRI cross-listed biochemistry grain; study of the structure, biosynthesis, biology, and evolution of saccharides (glycans) and glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans) that are ubiquitous in…
glycobiology
Glycan mass additivity: M(n hexoses) = 162·n + 18 (residue + terminal)
Glycan mass arithmetic follows the same residue-plus-terminal bookkeeping as peptide mass: each monomer is added in its residue form (with…
Glycosidic linkage combinatorics: 2 anomers × N positions isomers
A disaccharide formed from two hexoses carries substantial structural diversity per monomer pair. The reducing sugar's C1 (anomeric…
Lectin multivalent avidity: K_D(n-valent) ≈ K_D(mono)/n (ideal)
Multivalent interactions — one multi-armed binding partner (lectin) engaging a multi-armed target (glycan array) via n simultaneous…
Glycan mass additivity: M(n) = 162n + 18; M(1)=180, M(2)=342, M(10)=1638
Sympy-exact witness of the glycan-mass residue-plus-terminal arithmetic. Setup: monomer mass 180, residue mass 162 (= 180 − 18 after water…
Disaccharide linkage count: 2 anomers × 4 positions = 8
Sympy-exact witness of the disaccharide-linkage enumeration for the canonical hexose-hexose case. Setup: two structural degrees of freedom…
Lectin multivalency pin: K_D(n) = K_D_mono/n; K_D(1)=K_D_mono; K_D(4)=K_D_mono/4
Sympy-exact witness of the ideal-multivalency avidity scaling. Setup: K_D(n) = K_D_mono / n, as a two-symbol function of monomeric K_D and…
Sialylation mass-shift: ΔM = n·M_sialic; Neu5Ac=291 Da, NeuGc=307 Da; integer stoichiometry
Sialylation mass-shift framework — the canonical integer-stoichiometry mass-increment rule underlying mass-spectrometry-based glycan…
N-glycan antennarity: (1+x)^n GF; tri-core subsets = 2³ = 8; binomial(n,k) antennary structures
N-glycan antennarity framework — the canonical combinatorial enumeration framework for N-glycan antenna-branch substitution patterns on the…
Hill multivalent: θ = L^n/(K^n+L^n); V = V_max·θ; n=Hill-coefficient cooperativity signature
Multivalent Hill equation — the canonical cooperative-binding framework for multivalent glycan-lectin interactions and enzyme-substrate…
Sialylation: S(n,M)=n·M; 4·Neu5Ac=1164 Da; NeuGc−Neu5Ac=+16 Da; cleavage decrement=−M·k
Sympy-exact symbolic witness of the sialylation stoichiometric mass-shift canonical form and integer anchors for Neu5Ac / NeuGc /…
Antennarity: (1+x)³=x³+3x²+3x+1; total subsets=8; bi-on-tri=3; C(4,4)=1 (tetra-full)
Sympy-exact integer-anchor witness of the N-glycan antennarity generating-function canonical expansion and its power-set /…
Hill: θ=L^n/(K^n+L^n); θ|_{L=K}=1/2 (all n); dθ/dL|_{L=K}=n/(4K); n=2 anchor: 1/(2K)
Sympy-exact symbolic witness of the Hill multivalent occupancy canonical form, its midpoint half-saturation invariant, and its…
Glycoproteins (Leloir 1970)
L Leloir 1970 (Nobel 1970) sugar-nucleotide; modern Hart-Akimoto 2001 OGT + O-GlcNAc; foundational glycobiology.
ABO (Landsteiner 1900)
K Landsteiner 1900 (Nobel 1930) ABO; modern Yamamoto 1990 GTA/GTB-genes; basis of transfusion-medicine.
Glycan array (Blixt 2004)
Blixt-Paulson 2004 + CFG + 2010s glycan-arrays; modern lectin + antibody profiling.
Sialic acid (Suzuki 1986)
Y Suzuki 1986 alpha2,6 vs alpha2,3 sialic-acid receptor-binding; modern host-tropism + pandemic-risk assessment.
Glycoengineering (Li-Zhou)
Li-Zhou 2018 + recombinant-glycan therapeutic; modern Pichia + CHO sialylation; biopharma quality control.
CDG (Freeze 2007)
H Freeze 2007 + 2017 congenital-disorders-of-glycosylation; modern ~150 CDG types + diagnostic-workup.
Leloir (1957)
L Leloir 1957 (Nobel 1970) UDP-sugar; modern modern foundational text + glycosyltransferase-mechanism + 2024 GT-CAZy 100k+ enzyme-database.
N-/O-linked glycosylation (Spiro 1965)
R Spiro 1965 + Marshall 1972 N-link OST + O-GlcNAc Hart 1984; modern modern foundational + 2024 glycoengineering biopharmaceutical.
Glycoprotein N-link (Kornfeld 1985)
S Kornfeld 1985 N-glycan-processing ER-Golgi; modern modern foundational + lectin-affinity + 2024 mass-spec glycomic-profiling cancer.
Blood group glycan (Watkins 1966)
W Watkins 1966 ABO-blood-group glycoconjugate; modern modern foundational text + Le-glycan + 2024 universal-blood enzymatic-conversion.
Glycomics (Laine 1994)
R Laine 1994 + 2008 glyco-array-Smith; modern modern foundational + glyco-Glycomics-portal + 2024 ML-driven glycan-structure-prediction.
Polysialic acid (Troy 1996)
F Troy 1996 polySia + Rutishauser; modern modern foundational + NCAM-PSA + 2024 polySia-immune-tolerance brain-development plasticity.