Sympy-exact symbolic witness of Elitzur's theorem using the minimal U(1) gauge group as illustrative case. Setup: θ ∈ [0,2π], sp-symbols real. U(1)-Haar-integral of non-invariant character exp(i·n·θ) for n≠0 vanishes exactly: ∫₀^{2π}…
Sympy-exact symbolic witness of Elitzur's theorem using the minimal U(1) gauge group as illustrative case. Setup: θ ∈ [0,2π], sp-symbols real. U(1)-Haar-integral of non-invariant character exp(i·n·θ) for n≠0 vanishes exactly: ∫₀^{2π}…