Exact symbolic solution of the 2nd-kind Volterra equation φ(x) = 1 + ∫_0^x φ(y) dy (kernel K(x,y) ≡ 1, driving term g(x) ≡ 1). Differentiating both sides: φ'(x) = φ(x) with initial condition φ(0) = 1, yielding φ(x) = exp(x). Sympy…
Exact symbolic solution of the 2nd-kind Volterra equation φ(x) = 1 + ∫_0^x φ(y) dy (kernel K(x,y) ≡ 1, driving term g(x) ≡ 1). Differentiating both sides: φ'(x) = φ(x) with initial condition φ(0) = 1, yielding φ(x) = exp(x). Sympy…