Nucleus, ER, Golgi, endosomes, lysosome, peroxisome, vesicle trafficking, mitochondria, chloroplast.
Organelles And Protein Trafficking
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelle (~6 μm diameter) housing the genome. Enclosed by double-membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes…
Nuclear pore complex (NPC)
~120 MDa supramolecular channel (~30 nucleoporins, 8-fold symmetric) in the nuclear envelope. Passes <40 kDa passively; larger cargo…
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Reticular membrane network continuous with nuclear envelope. Rough ER (ribosome-studded) synthesises secretory/membrane proteins; smooth ER…
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened cisternae (cis/medial/trans) that matures secretory cargo: glycan trimming + elongation, sulphation, sorting. Cisternal…
Vesicle trafficking
Regulated budding, transport, and fusion of membrane vesicles between compartments. Coats (COPI, COPII, clathrin) select cargo; Rab GTPases…
SNARE protein
Membrane-anchored proteins with coiled-coil SNARE motifs that zip into 4-helix bundles, driving vesicle-target membrane fusion. v-SNAREs on…
Lysosome
Acidic (pH ~4.5) degradative organelle containing ~60 hydrolases. Receives cargo via endocytosis, phagocytosis, autophagy. Lysosomal…
Mitochondrion
Double-membrane organelle housing TCA cycle + ETC + β-oxidation + fatty-acid synthesis. Has own 16.6 kb circular genome (37 genes in…
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria (from α-proteobacterium) and chloroplasts (from cyanobacterium) arose from engulfment of prokaryotic symbionts by…
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic organelle in plants/algae. Triple-membrane system (outer, inner, thylakoid); houses light reactions + Calvin cycle;…
Autophagy
Lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components. Macroautophagy: double-membrane autophagosome engulfs cargo, fuses with lysosome. Induced…