Nucleus, ER, Golgi, endosomes, lysosome, peroxisome, vesicle trafficking, mitochondria, chloroplast.
Organelles And Protein Trafficking
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelle (~6 μm diameter) housing the genome. Enclosed by double-membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes…
Nuclear pore complex (NPC)
~120 MDa supramolecular channel (~30 nucleoporins, 8-fold symmetric) in the nuclear envelope. Passes <40 kDa passively; larger cargo…
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Reticular membrane network continuous with nuclear envelope. Rough ER (ribosome-studded) synthesises secretory/membrane proteins; smooth ER…
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened cisternae (cis/medial/trans) that matures secretory cargo: glycan trimming + elongation, sulphation, sorting. Cisternal…
Vesicle trafficking
Regulated budding, transport, and fusion of membrane vesicles between compartments. Coats (COPI, COPII, clathrin) select cargo; Rab GTPases…
SNARE protein
Membrane-anchored proteins with coiled-coil SNARE motifs that zip into 4-helix bundles, driving vesicle-target membrane fusion. v-SNAREs on…
Lysosome
Acidic (pH ~4.5) degradative organelle containing ~60 hydrolases. Receives cargo via endocytosis, phagocytosis, autophagy. Lysosomal…
Mitochondrion
Double-membrane organelle housing TCA cycle + ETC + β-oxidation + fatty-acid synthesis. Has own 16.6 kb circular genome (37 genes in…
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria (from α-proteobacterium) and chloroplasts (from cyanobacterium) arose from engulfment of prokaryotic symbionts by…
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic organelle in plants/algae. Triple-membrane system (outer, inner, thylakoid); houses light reactions + Calvin cycle;…
Autophagy
Lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components. Macroautophagy: double-membrane autophagosome engulfs cargo, fuses with lysosome. Induced…
Signal-recognition particle (SRP) targeting framework
Walter & Blobel 1981/1982 ribonucleoprotein complex (54 kDa core + 7SL RNA) that co-translationally recognises N-terminal signal peptides…
Signal hypothesis (Blobel 1970)
G Blobel 1970 (Nobel 1999) signal-peptide directs proteins to ER; modern co-translational + post-translational targeting.
Vesicle trafficking (Nobel 2013)
Schekman-Rothman-Sudhof Nobel 2013 vesicle-traffic + SNARE-machinery; modern COPI/COPII + clathrin + ESCRT.
Autophagy (Ohsumi 1992)
Y Ohsumi 1992 (Nobel 2016) yeast-autophagy genes; modern macroautophagy + chaperone-mediated + microautophagy.
NPC (Aebi 1990s)
U Aebi 1990s NPC structure; modern Beck 2007 + Kim 2018 cryo-ET integrated structure 30 nucleoporins symmetric.
Mito import (Neupert 1997)
W Neupert 1997 mitochondrial-protein-import TOM/TIM/SAM complexes; modern human-MitoCarta 1136 proteins.
LLPS (Brangwynne 2009)
Brangwynne 2009 P-granule liquid-liquid-phase-separation; modern stress-granules + nucleolus + biomolecular-condensates.
Secretory pathway (Palade 1956)
G Palade 1956 (Nobel 1974) ER-Golgi-vesicle-PM secretory; modern modern foundational text + Schekman 1977 yeast-sec mutants Nobel 2013.
Sec genes (Schekman 1977)
R Schekman 1977 + 1980 (Nobel 2013) yeast-sec-mutants; modern modern foundational + Rothman vesicle-fusion + Südhof synaptic Nobel 2013.
Clathrin (Pearse 1976)
B Pearse 1976 clathrin-coat; modern modern foundational text + COPI / COPII Schekman + 2024 cryo-ET nano-ML coat dynamics.
Autophagy (Ohsumi 1992)
Y Ohsumi 1992 (Nobel 2016) yeast-ATG-genes; modern modern foundational + Mizushima mammalian + macroautophagy / mitophagy / aggrephagy.
UPR (Walter 1989)
P Walter 1989 + Mori 1996 + Ron 2000 unfolded-protein-response; modern modern foundational + IRE1 / PERK / ATF6 + integrated-stress.
Mfn-Drp1 (Hales 2001)
K Hales-M Fuller 1997 + Smirnova-van der Bliek 2001 Mfn / Drp1 fission-fusion; modern modern foundational + mitophagy + neurodegen Friedman…