Transcription

Template-directed synthesis of RNA from DNA by RNA polymerase. Initiation (promoter recognition), elongation (NTP addition 5′→3′),…

Eukaryotic 12-subunit polymerase synthesising all mRNA and most snRNA/miRNA. CTD heptad repeats on Rpb1 phosphorylated serially at Ser5…

DNA sequence upstream of a gene that recruits RNA polymerase. Eukaryotic core promoter (TATA box, Inr, DPE) binds general transcription…

Basal machinery that positions pol II at core promoter: TFIIA/B/D/E/F/H assemble sequentially. TFIID contains TBP (TATA-binding protein) +…

Distal regulatory DNA element (100-1000 bp) that activates transcription in a cell-type- or signal-specific manner, orientation/position…

Removal of introns and ligation of exons by the spliceosome (U1/U2/U4/U5/U6 snRNPs + proteins, ~200 components). Two-step…

Co-transcriptional addition of 7-methylguanosine cap via 5′-5′ triphosphate bridge to nascent mRNA. Essential for stability, export, and…

Endonucleolytic cleavage at poly(A) signal (AAUAAA) + addition of ~200 A residues by poly(A) polymerase. Stabilises mRNA, promotes export,…

~22-nt non-coding RNAs processed from hairpin precursors by Drosha + Dicer; guide RISC (Argonaute) to target mRNA 3′ UTR for translational…

RNA >200 nt without coding potential. Functions: chromatin scaffolding (XIST, HOTAIR), enhancer RNAs, nuclear compartment organisation…