Virology

Obligate intracellular replicating entity: nucleic-acid genome (DNA or RNA, ss or ds) in protein capsid, optionally enveloped. Encode <…

Protein shell enclosing viral genome. Icosahedral (adenovirus, HIV matrix) or helical (TMV, Ebola) symmetry; assembled from identical…

Seven groups based on genome + replication strategy: (I) dsDNA, (II) ssDNA, (III) dsRNA, (IV) +ssRNA, (V) -ssRNA, (VI) ssRNA-RT…

+ssRNA virus using reverse transcriptase to integrate DNA copy into host genome. HIV, HTLV, endogenous retroviruses (~8% of human genome).…

Viral replication culminating in host-cell lysis + progeny release. Phage T4 reference: adsorption → injection → replication → assembly →…

Temperate-phage integration into host genome (prophage) with latent carriage, until SOS-induction triggers lytic switch. λ repressor-Cro…

RNA-virus population concept (Eigen): swarm of related variants generated by high mutation rate (~10⁻⁴-10⁻⁵ per base). Natural-selection…

Host-cell-derived lipid bilayer studded with viral glycoproteins (HA-NA, spike, gp120). Enveloped viruses enter by membrane fusion;…

Receptor binding (ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2, CD4 for HIV, sialic acid for influenza) + fusion or endocytosis. Antiviral target (fusion…

Live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, viral-vector (Ad26, ChAd), mRNA-LNP (Pfizer, Moderna). mRNA platform transformed COVID-19…