Continuum mechanics applied to living tissue: muscle force–length–velocity, bone stress/strain, joint kinematics, cardiovascular hemodynamics, gait. Bridge between physics and physiology; substrate of orthopaedics, sports science, and…
biomechanics
Hill muscle model
Contractile element (CE) in series with series-elastic (SE) and parallel to parallel-elastic (PE). Force–velocity relation (F + a)(v + b) =…
Sliding-filament mechanism
Actin thin filaments slide over myosin thick filaments via cyclic cross-bridge attachment–force-generation–detachment powered by ATP.…
Bone mechanics (Wolff's law)
Bone remodels architecture in response to mechanical loading: trabecular orientation aligns with principal stress trajectories (Wolff…
Cardiovascular hemodynamics
Poiseuille flow in vessels gives Q = πΔP r⁴/(8ηL); Windkessel model (RC circuit) captures aortic-compliance / peripheral-resistance pulse…
Gait analysis
Quantitative description of locomotion via stance/swing phases, ground-reaction forces (~1–2× body weight at heel strike), centre-of-mass…
Tissue mechanics (viscoelasticity)
Soft tissues (skin, tendon, arterial wall) exhibit stress-relaxation and creep modelled by generalised Maxwell or Kelvin–Voigt networks.…
Joint kinematics
Description of joint motion by rotations/translations in anatomical planes, ISB-standard Euler angles, and instantaneous centre of…
Bone stress–strain behaviour
Cortical bone: E ≈ 17 GPa (longitudinal), σ_yield ≈ 120 MPa (tension) / 170 MPa (compression); anisotropic and strain-rate-dependent.…