Pathology

Hanahan-Weinberg 2000 (updated 2011, 2022): sustained proliferation, growth-suppressor evasion, replicative immortality, angiogenesis,…

Mutated proto-oncogene producing gain-of-function that drives tumorigenesis. RAS (GTPase), MYC (TF), SRC (kinase), HER2 (RTK). Activating…

Gene whose loss-of-function contributes to cancer. Two-hit hypothesis (Knudson 1971): both alleles inactivated. p53, RB, APC, BRCA1/2,…

Dissemination of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant organs. EMT → local invasion → intravasation → circulation → extravasation →…

Disease caused by DNA-sequence change. Mendelian (single gene: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell), complex/polygenic (diabetes, schizophrenia),…

Neurodegeneration associated with protein misfolding + aggregation: Aβ + tau (Alzheimer's), α-synuclein (Parkinson's), Huntingtin polyQ…

Adaptive immune response against self-antigens due to central + peripheral tolerance failure. T1D, MS, RA, SLE, Graves, Hashimoto,…

Koch's postulates (1884): microbe isolated from all diseased; grown in pure culture; reintroduced → disease; re-isolated. Molecular Koch's…

Persistent tissue damage + immune infiltration drives atherosclerosis, fibrosis, diabetes, cancer. Distinct cytokine profile (TNF, IL-6,…

Pathological ECM deposition by activated fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. Impairs organ function (liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cardiac…