Pathology

Hanahan-Weinberg 2000 (updated 2011, 2022): sustained proliferation, growth-suppressor evasion, replicative immortality, angiogenesis,…

Mutated proto-oncogene producing gain-of-function that drives tumorigenesis. RAS (GTPase), MYC (TF), SRC (kinase), HER2 (RTK). Activating…

Gene whose loss-of-function contributes to cancer. Two-hit hypothesis (Knudson 1971): both alleles inactivated. p53, RB, APC, BRCA1/2,…

Dissemination of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant organs. EMT → local invasion → intravasation → circulation → extravasation →…

Disease caused by DNA-sequence change. Mendelian (single gene: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell), complex/polygenic (diabetes, schizophrenia),…

Neurodegeneration associated with protein misfolding + aggregation: Aβ + tau (Alzheimer's), α-synuclein (Parkinson's), Huntingtin polyQ…

Adaptive immune response against self-antigens due to central + peripheral tolerance failure. T1D, MS, RA, SLE, Graves, Hashimoto,…

Koch's postulates (1884): microbe isolated from all diseased; grown in pure culture; reintroduced → disease; re-isolated. Molecular Koch's…

Persistent tissue damage + immune infiltration drives atherosclerosis, fibrosis, diabetes, cancer. Distinct cytokine profile (TNF, IL-6,…

Pathological ECM deposition by activated fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. Impairs organ function (liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cardiac…

Knudson 1971 / Vogelstein 1988: cancer requires sequential acquisition of k driver mutations; cumulative incidence I(t) ∝ t^{k-1} from…

Prusiner-Lansbury seeded-nucleation model: misfolded conformer M templates conversion of native monomer N → M via dN/dt = -k₁ N M^n. …

R Virchow 1858 'Cellular Pathology'; omnis cellula e cellula; foundational text in pathology.

R Medzhitov 2008 'Origin and physiological roles of inflammation' Nature; modern inflammasome + NLRP3 + IL-1beta.

Hanahan-Weinberg 2011 + 2022 14 hallmarks of cancer; foundational text in oncology + drug-target paradigms.

Kerr-Wyllie-Currie 1972 apoptosis term; modern caspase-cascade + Bcl-2 + extrinsic-intrinsic; >60% chemo-target.

A Coons 1941 fluorescence-IHC; modern multiplex-IHC + IF + cyclic-IF; basis of molecular-pathology + companion-diagnostics.

Bera-Mahmood-Madabhushi 2019 deep-learning + digital-pathology; modern FDA-cleared algorithms 50+ for cancer + cardiac.

R Medzhitov 2008 + 2021 'Inflammation 2010' Cell; modern inflammasome NLRP3 + para-inflammation + meta-inflammation.

M Bishop-H Varmus Nobel 1989 cellular-oncogenes from retroviral src; modern 700+ cancer-genes COSMIC; pan-cancer atlas.

S Paget 1889 seed-soil hypothesis; modern Massague 2002 organ-tropism + Kaplan pre-metastatic niche.

Virchow 1858 cellular-autopsy-pathology; modern molecular + Sequenom + cancer-of-unknown-primary genomic.

Elston-Ellis 1991 modified Bloom-Richardson breast-cancer grading; modern Ki-67 + AI computer-vision histopathology.

Bartek-Lukas 2002 + 2007 DDR-anticancer barrier; modern PARP inhibitor olaparib + ATR-inhibitor synthetic-lethality.