toxicology

Layer 3 — Biology25 concepts in this subtree

Quantitative study of adverse effects of chemicals on living systems: dose–response, mechanisms of injury, xenobiotic metabolism, risk assessment. Substrate of regulatory science (EPA, EFSA, FDA safety files).

Dose–response curve
LD₅₀ / LC₅₀
Xenobiotic metabolism
Carcinogen
Endocrine disruptor
Hepatotoxicity
NOAEL / benchmark dose
Risk assessment framework
Haber's rule: C·t = k (constant-C toxicity); time-integrated dose D = ∫C(s) ds
Weibull: F(D) = 1−exp(−(D/α)^β); shape β, scale α; LD_50 = α·log(2)^{1/β}
Probit LD_50: P(death | log D) = Φ((log D − μ)/σ); LD_50 = 10^μ; slope 1/σ normal
Haber: t_eff=k/C; 2C halves t_eff; D(t)=C·t; exp-decay D(t)=C_0/λ·(1−e^{−λt}); D(∞)=C_0/λ
Weibull: F=1−exp(−(D/α)^β); LD_50=α·log(2)^{1/β}; at β=1: LD_50=α·ln2; F(α)=1−1/e
Probit: P = 1/2 − erf(√2(μ−x)/(2σ))/2; P(μ)=1/2; slope@LD_50 = √2/(2√π·σ)
Dose makes poison (Paracelsus 1538)
LD50 (Trevan 1927)
Benchmark dose (Crump 1984)
AOP (Ankley 2010)
Microplastic toxicity (Lehner 2019)
Paracelsus (1538)
LD50 (Trevan 1927)
Haber's rule (1924)
Biotransformation (Müller 1948)
Thalidomide (McBride 1961)
Toxicogenomics (Fielden 2002)
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