Cell Fate Apoptosis Senescence

Regulated, non-inflammatory cell-death programme: chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, DNA fragmentation, apoptotic-body formation,…

Cys-Asp-specific proteases that execute apoptosis. Initiators (CASP8, 9, 10) cleave + activate effectors (CASP3, 6, 7) that cleave >500…

Triggered by intracellular stress (DNA damage, ER stress). BH3-only proteins (PUMA, BIM) activate BAX/BAK → MOMP → cytochrome-c release →…

Triggered by death ligands (FasL, TNF, TRAIL) binding death receptors → DISC assembly (FADD + procaspase-8) → CASP8 cleaves effector…

Regulators of mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilisation (MOMP). Anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1); effector (BAX, BAK); BH3-only…

Regulated necrotic-like death via RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL axis. MLKL oligomerises, translocates to plasma membrane, permeabilises → cell rupture +…

Inflammatory caspase-1/4/5/11-dependent cell death: inflammasome assembly → gasdermin D cleavage → GSDMD N-terminal pore formation in…

Iron-dependent lipid-peroxidation cell death. Suppressed by GPX4 (selenoprotein) reducing lipid peroxides. Targeting GPX4 or cystine import…

Stable cell-cycle arrest with altered morphology, SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype), persistent DDR. Triggers: telomere…

Apoptosis triggered by loss of ECM attachment; suppresses ectopic cell growth. Resistance to anoikis is a prerequisite for metastasis.